Warrants in the Toulmin Model of Argument

Aviation Memory and Cognition Research Proposal

Flying Memory and Cognition - Research Proposal Example Also, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) found that on June 19, 2011 two airplanes came â€Å"within 300 feet of each other† (à ir’, 2012). Cessna 172 and ExpressJet that was conveying 53 individuals neglected to distinguish a contention paying little heed to the way that they were both associated with the radio traffic control. The Federal Aviation Authority (FAA) found that the controller who was on the job on the pinnacle had a negative history of â€Å"professional deficiencies† with endless occasions where he ignored the standard techniques agenda that must be followed consistently (‘Air’, 2012). This examination paper means to propose an insightful investigation to distinguish the variables that offer ascent to approach miss occasions by the ATCOs and how memory misfortunes builds the quantity of close miss episodes. The main role of directing this exploration is to expose the issue of close miss by the ATCOs and the different variables that offer ascent to approach miss circumstances. This exploration proposition will give a short writing survey on the point, approach, inquire about plan, anticipated result of the proposed examine. Nashef (2003) featured that the idea of close miss in aviation authority administrations alludes to the loss of division between two airplanes noticeable all around which if not forestall would prompt mid-air crash. In this way, a close miss is the circumstance wherein the two airplanes came near one another yet didn't impact. Nashef (2003) has arranged close miss circumstances in three kinds, specifically: Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3. Type 1 close to miss is one where the occurrence has happened and the introduced framework in the airplanes effectively distinguished and rectified the circumstance. It functioned as it was intended to work and in this way, no mischief was really done. Type 2 close to miss is one where the occurrence happened yet at least one of the introduced framework in the airplane really neglected to identify the loss of

Should the US Government Lower the Voting Age to 16?

Should the US Government Lower the Voting Age to 16?In my last article on essay samples I suggested that the US government should lower the voting age. In this article I will explore why the US government should lower the voting age. To be perfectly honest the only real argument against lowering the voting age is that those who support the status quo are often Democrats and Republicans.After every election the government lowers the voting age. This is a move that should have been made in 2020, yet it wasn't. The first time I heard about this I was already well into my adulthood, but once I began reading about the potential for abuse, I took a look at it a second time.So where did the idea come from that the government lowers the voting age to improve election integrity? If you read through some of the essay samples that are now being offered, I am fairly certain that you will find that several of them contain highly questionable or outright false information. The usual suspects inclu de random people randomly picking names, people from countries where English is not the primary language, people on the internet, people who claim to be experts in several different subjects.Do you see where I am going with this? I'm not suggesting that any of these essays samples are completely untrustworthy, but they shouldn't be taken as gospel either. The essay samples used to back up the claim that the voting age should be lowered are usually from individuals who have little understanding of the basic principles of elections, let alone the particular laws in the US.For instance, in an article entitled 'What We Need to Know' one of the authors states that we need to 'feel safe trusting our government to help us choose our next leader'. Does this mean we should not make decisions that will involve the US government at all? Does this mean that we can trust our government to make decisions for us when it comes to our healthcare or our education?The fact is that the goal of essay sa mples like these should not be to convince us to trust the US government. The goal should be to get us to reconsider and come to our own conclusions about which candidate is best for us. I have no problem with individual citizens deciding what their preferences are, as long as they remain unbiased and in the public eye.The idea that the US government is somehow biased and corrupt because they prefer to keep their people uneducated and uninvolved in politics does not mesh with the idea that individual citizens can have any say in their government. It does not mesh with the notion that the US government is overstepping its bounds when it attempts to push through their policies.In conclusion, it appears that essay samples that use the voting age as a weapon of persuasion against President Trump and other politicians are running out of steam, but they will probably keep appearing. Some of these essays samples will probably look very persuasive when you read them, but if you take them as gospel and start believing them you will end up with something that isn't very good.

Lean on Me a review of the movie Essays - 568 Words

Lean on me is a good film especially for school administrators and people who are thinking of becoming an administrator some day. It gives us a lot of insight in handling different challenges faced by administrators. There were a couple of interesting points that struck me while watching the movie. I especially liked the line at the start of the movie – â€Å"Discipline is not the enemy of enthusiasm†. This line is very true. It doesn’t mean that when discipline is established in school, the students lose the eagerness to learn. In fact, I believe that discipline goes hand in hand with the enthusiasm to learn. But the skill I would like to focus on is Mr. Clark’s decision making. I completely agree with Mr. Clark’s decision making. He was not†¦show more content†¦Although as an administrator, you’ve already made your decision, it is still important to listen to what the â€Å"others† have to say. It shows that you value their opinion and are willing to do something about their suggestion. Although I admire Mr. Clark’s courage in making decisions despite resistance, I do not agree with him when he became very uncompromising with the suggestions the other teachers made. Maybe because the school is already in the worst possible situation or as Mr. Clark would say, â€Å"Desperate times, call for desperate measure†. But in cases not as worse as East Side High, the administrator should take time to listen and be open to suggestions. Mr. Clark even went as far as embarrassing some teachers and students in front of a crowd. This to me is also disagreeable. Students, more so teachers should not be reprimanded in public. Instead of trying to make them understand your point, you might end up with more defiance. What I think should be done in public is to praise anyone who did a good/right thing. Mr. Clark lacked this. Mr. Clark needs to give more compliments. As an administrator, you need to complement and acknowledge anyone who did a good job. This is a form of motivation to do better the next time. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At the end of the day, though Mr. Clark had his own flaws and shortcomings, he wasShow MoreRelatedLean On Me By Movie Review1226 Words   |  5 PagesLean on Me is a 1989 fact-based film that portrays the struggles prevalent in a school district in New Jersey and how one man uses multiple strategies to make the ultimate solution. East Side High was once a successful school. Like many other aspects of society, school district administrators watch as this school deteriorates from drug abuse, violence, and lack of motivation amongst students. The superintendent, Dr. Napier recruits Mr. Joe Clark, an independent minded teacher as the new principalRead MoreThe Longest Yard1217 Words   |  5 PagesRhetoric 101 The Longest Yard (Stereotypes and all) What our society has become truly amazes me every day. The things we watch and enjoy as a culture are sometimes highly offense. I choose to look at the movie The Longest Yard for an in depth look at stereotypes in our society. After watching and studying this movie I can only ask myself one question: What have we become? The Longest Yard is a movie about a former NFL MVP quarterback (played by Adam Sandler) jailed for joyriding his girlfriend’sRead MoreMovie Analysis : Dad With Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson, And Olympia Dukakis1309 Words   |  6 Pages I chose to watch the movie â€Å"DAD† with Jack Lemmon, Ted Danson, and Olympia Dukakis, just to name a few of the actors. In the past, I’ve seen â€Å"The Notebook† and absolutely loved it, but I wanted to allow myself a new opportunity with a fresh perspective. DAD is a story about family, missed opportunities, and estranged relationships, along with dedication, commitments, and loyalty. I found this movie inspiring, as well as, an accurate portrayal of not only aging, but more importantly, the powerRead MoreThe Style And Writing Of A. M. Forster s Writing1679 Words   |  7 Pagesone side says the other is lying and vice versa. There was a movie made from this book, A Passage to India. The movie was written and directed by David Lean. This movie is a rare case of almost exactly what the book has. This movie could not have made the novel come to life better than they did. For a book and a movie to be so similar and almost exact is very rare in today’s age or in any age for that point (Ebert 13). Mr. Lean thought that the way Forster had written A Passage to India was ssoRead MoreFilm Review : The Movie Oslo 1716 Words   |  7 PagesProcess Paper One: Oslo, August 31st The film I chose to watch and review was a 2011 Norwegian film titled Oslo, August 31st. The film dealt with addiction, relapse and suffering. I chose this film primarily for two reasons: First, it was listed on the Internet Movie Database (IMDb) as a film that explores drug use, suffering and suicide (co-occurring disorders). Secondly, I selected it because it is a Foreign / Norwegian film. I am a huge Art-house and European films fan and was thrilled thatRead MoreWhen A Man Loves A Woman1190 Words   |  5 Pages When a Man Loves a Woman Movie Media Review Taylor Drake University of Maryland University College The codependent person works hard to control the behavior of their partner and, in doing so forgets what the roles and responsibilities are of each person in the relationship. When the relationship roles and responsibilities become blurred due to codependency, the relationship has just became one sided and could lead to over attachment or abuse which then can become an emotionallyRead MoreFast Food Is Synonymous With Bad Health Essay1688 Words   |  7 Pagesfind ways to innovate their approaches to draw in crowds, and most important of all, to rake in the cash. Most decisions in the corporate world are made because of money; For example, the rise in reboots in the movie industry can be attributed to the assumption that reboots of famous movie franchises are guaranteed money makers. Because of this, the fast food industry does not care about the health effects of its consumers. Occasionally, a restaurant will introduce healthier items to the menu in anRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespea re s King Lear 1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe opportunity to view both productions of King Lear has appeared twice for me in the past two years. The first time I viewed Trevor Nunn’s 2009 production of King Lear my review would have been based solely on my ability to understand the dialogue and my appreciation of the acting of Ian McKellen. Two years later I have a better understanding of the actual play and while I still enjoy the 2009 production the 1982 production directed by Jonathan Miller presents the words of William ShakespeareRead MoreMasculinity, Gender, And Men1375 Words   |  6 Pagesnursing depends on the de-gendering of the profession and the removal of some stigma attached to males in nursing. Cottingham (2014) analysed how male gender was constructed in advertisements aimed towards men interested in the nursing profession. In review of literature Cottingham (2014) noted that structures of gendered oppression simultaneously made nursing into a female profession and devalued any kind of work considered to be female. Currently, the need for nurses and the work they do is acutelyRead MoreImpromptu Topics1154 Words   |  5 Pagesor fake Christmas trees 1. peer to peer technology 1. Motorcycle helmets 1. the assasination of a dictator can/cannot be justified 1. Curfews 1. Alien abductions 1. The worst/best book you ever read 1. All time favorite movie 1. Your first memory 1. The best things in life are free 1. Clothes make the man/woman 1. Happy drugs (prozac, zoloft, etc.) 1. Good versus Evil 1. Your favorite sound 1. Your least favorite sound 1. Exams are/are not

Night by Elie Wiesel and A Spring Morning by Ida Fink

Dehumanization With an overwhelming amount of power, humanity becomes lost in the desire to control. In the novel Night by Elie Wiesel and the connection â€Å"A Spring Morning† by Ida Fink, both authors demonstrate a common theme of dehumanization by using literary devices such as: specific diction, symbolism and tone. Throughout the novel and connection, specific diction is used to express the hatred the Germans felt towards the Jewish during the Holocaust. In the connection â€Å"A Spring Morning†, the author uses words such as: â€Å"cruel†, â€Å"torment† and â€Å"murder† to show how the humiliation and fear within the Jews. Each of these words demonstrates a sense of inhumane acts of terror, for example, to be cruel to someone/ something means to be unnecessarily mean or evil. Fink also portrays the Jews as becoming dehumanized emotionally. The Jewish are â€Å"terrified† and in â€Å"despair† of the German officers and do not k now what will become of themselves once they are taken to the camps. The Germans have the Jewish detained and frightened, like caged animals, making them feel more animalistic than human. In the novel Night, Wiesel describes his journey through the Holocaust as â€Å"inhumane† and â€Å"cursed†, further showing how the Jews were treated poorly due to the Germans undeniable hatred towards them. The novel shows how the Nazi’s took advantage of the power and control they had over the Jews, making them unaware to the torment and hazard they were causing the Jews. Wiesel uses the word

The Ancient Olympics Essay Example For Students

The Ancient Olympics Essay Since 1896, the year the Olympics were resurrected from ancienthistory, the Olympics have been a symbol of the camaraderie and harmonypossible on a global scale. The gathering of athletic representatives,the pride of the pack, from participating governments, even throughoutthe recent Cold War period, is proof that world unity is possible; justas it was in Ancient Greece with the polis or city-states. Olympic Games were held throughout Ancient Greece, but the most famousare the games that were held in Olympia in honor of Zeus every fouryears from August 6th to September 19th. The first record of thesegames is of one Coroebus of Elis, a cook, winning a sprint race in 776BC. Most historians believe the games to have been going on forapproximately 500 years before this. In the year Coroebus was made apart of history, there was apparently only one simple event, a racecalled the stade. The track was said to be one stade long or roughly210 yards. In subsequent games, additional events were to be added, most likely toincrease the challenge to these amazing athletes. In 724 BC, thediaulos, a two stade race, was added, followed by a long distance race,about 2 miles and called the dolichos, at the next games four yearslater. Wrestling and the famous Pentathlon were introduced in 708 BC. The Pentathlon consisted of five events; the long jump, javelin throw,discus throw, foot race, and wrestling. The Pentathlons, especially thesuccessful ones, were often treated and even worshipped like gods. Because of their exquisite physiques, they were used as the models forstatues of the Greek Gods. The superior athletic ability of theseathletes affects the games even today. The twisting and throwing methodof the discus throw, which originated in Ancient Greece, is still usedtoday. The original events were even more challenging than those oftoday. The modern discus weighs in at just 5 pounds, one-third of theoriginal weight, and the long jumps were done with the contestantcarrying a five pound weight in each hand. The pit to be traversed inthis jump allowed for a 50 foot jump, compared to just over 29 feet inour modern Olympics. Apparently, the carried weights, used correctly,could create momentum to carry the athlete further. Legend has it thatone Olympian cleared the entire pit by approximately 5 feet, breakingboth legs as he landed. One significant difference between the modern and ancient games; theoriginal Olympians competed in the nude. Because of this, the 45,000spectators consisted of men and unwed virgin women only. The onlyexception to this would be the priestess of Demeter who was also theonly spectator honored with a seat. The young unwed women were allowedto watch to introduce them to men in all their splendor and brutalitywhereas it was felt that married women should not see what they couldnot have. In addition, the virgins had their own event which occurredon the mens religious day of rest. Called the Haria, in honor of Harathe wife of Zeus, the young women would race dressed in a short tunicwhich exposed the right breast. Traditionally, Spartan women dominatedthis event, being trained from birth for just this purpose. The religious undertones of the events became extremely apparent onthe third day of the games when a herd of 100 cows were killed as asacrifice to Zeus. In actuality, only the most useless parts wereburned in honor of Zeus; most of the meat would be cooked and eatenthat day. The sacrifices were conducted on a huge cone-shaped alterbuilt up from the ashes of previously sacrificed animals. The mound wasso large, the Greeks would cut steps into the cone after discovering itcould be hardened by adding water and drying. .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 , .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .postImageUrl , .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 , .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0:hover , .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0:visited , .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0:active { border:0!important; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0:active , .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0 .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u412af4e5c52bd192331e53887764a4e0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Education In Colonial History Essay Another ingenious invention was a system to prevent early starts in thefoot races. It consisted of a bar in front of the runners to ensurethey all start at the same time. This most likely was viewed as ablessing by the competitors, as previous to this, they would be beatenby the judges with rods for an early jump. This system led to theextravagant mechanisms used for starting the chariot races in 680 BC. Other introductions to the games were boxing in 688 BC, the pancratium,a no-holds barred form of wrestling, in 648 BC, and eventually someevents for boys between 632 and 616 BC. The Olympics of old were entirely a man on man competition. No recordswere kept to be broken but a few amazing legends of the games havesurvived the test of time. Aegeus, for instance, was said to havecompleted his competition and then to run home to Argos, over 60 milesaway, in one day. Milo, one of the most feared Olympians of AncientGreece, was said to have carried a full grown bull to the arena,butchered it, and ate the entire animal in one day. Not surprisingly,he was said to have one many a wrestling match by the forfeiture of hisopponent. He also walked away with six consecutive Olympic crowns. These legends, for all their blood, sweat, and tears, were awarded anolive branch from the tree behind the alter of Zeus when they won. Fortunately, the regions they represented were usually somewhat moregrateful for bringing honor home. It was not uncommon for the victorsto receive free food for life, money, or other valuable offers. Theywere often worshipped as gods and sometimes their sweat was preservedand sold as a magical potion. In the later years of the games, an additional event was added whichsignaled the end of the games and the return to the war ridden life ofancient history. Soldiers, adorned with a full body of armor weighingupwards of 50 pounds, would compete in a foot race. Unfortunately, eventhe apparent athletic ability of these soldiers could not prevent thefall of Greece to Rome in the middle of the second century BC. UnderRoman rule, the Olympics began to lose its fervor until it was abolishedin 393 AD by the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I who most likelyobjected to the pagan rites associated with the Olympics. Some historians believe that even after the official abolishment of theOlympics, it may have survived for an additional 120 years. Itssubsequent revival in 1896 was brought about by the discovery of theancient stadium. Since that time, it has been held every four years, inaccordance with tradition, being interrupted only for the two worldwars.The competition of the nations in these events represents theage old competitive spirit of man. The need for people to take pride insomething larger than themselves and feel as if they are part of agreater good. The Olympics, today as well as 3,000 years ago, offers anon-combative environment to do so.

Teamwork and communication errors in healthcare

Introduction This paper states that medical errors have a number of underlying causes, including the fallibility of medical personnel, uncertainty of medical knowledge and imperfection of organizational systems, and pays special attention to the negative outcomes of communication errors in healthcare, pointing at bypassing the traditional disciplinary and hierarchical boundaries as the measures which are necessary for improving the patient outcomes and the working environment for caregivers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teamwork and communication errors in healthcare specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Medical error The concept of avoidable harm caused by healthcare service providers has been discussed since the time of Hippocrates who defined the primary goal of medicine as doing no harm about 2,400 years ago. Called iatrogenic harm, the medical errors were considered as an inevitable product of modern medicine and one of its top five problems.1 The year 1999 has become a turning point in estimating the impact of medical mistakes, drawing the public and media attention to the existing problem and offering the measures for improving the patient safety. The publication of the report To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) became a significant contribution to the patient safety literature. 2 This report expanded the existing theoretical framework of medical errors and catalyzed the national movement towards improving the safety of healthcare by initiating important changes in culture and training for the medical workers.3 The efforts of IOM to fill the gaps between theory and practice of ensuring the patient safety were valuable because the existing terminology contained a great number of confusing and overlapping concepts. In modern patient safety literature, the concept of medical error is defined as an act of doing wrong things or the fa ilure of doing the right things in medical care resulting in a negative outcome of the chosen intervention or even the high potential of such an outcome. 4 The concept of safety is defined as freedom from hazard and is in inverse relationship with the risks. The breaches in safety and ethics of healthcare are the main underlying causes of the medical errors which result in needless suffering for patients and service providers.5 To define the level of safety, the balance between the likelihood of doing good or harm by implementing certain measures and the availability of choices should be considered in every individual situation.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the complexity of terms and processes, measuring the errors, safety and corresponding outcomes of treatment can be rather difficult. Thus, medical errors can do or do no harm to the patients’ conditio n, while the patients can experience harm from medical care even if no medical errors occurred. For this reason, it is important to distinguish between preventable and non-preventable adverse effects.6 Taking into account the fact that undesirable patient outcomes can be caused by a variety of reasons, some safety experts give preference to the term preventable adverse effects as the main target of the safety field.7 This term is not only politically correct but also defends caregivers, shifting the emphasis on the role of organizational systems in preventing the iatrogenic harm. However, another group of safety experts considers the term of preventable adverse effects as inappropriate and useless for catalyzing the changes in patient safety. Due to the variety of definitions and measurement systems, the data on the rates of medical errors and their impact differs from hospital to hospital. According to the estimates of the safety experts, the risks of flying in an airplane are lo wer than experiencing harm from being a patient in a hospital.8 Another group of researchers stated that an average hospitalized patient experiences approximately one medical error a day.9 The financial impact of these errors is profound. According to the data of the 1999 IM report, the costs of the preventable adverse effects only were between 17 billion and 29 billion dollars.10 Still, the largest harm of the medical errors is on the patients’ health and anxiety of caregivers who are the second victims of the unsafe organizational systems. Taking into account the frequency and the negative implications of medical errors on both patients and caregivers, it can be stated that moral and ethical considerations of patient safety play an important role in improving the organizational systems for minimizing the risks of experiencing harm due to their imperfection.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Teamwork and communication errors in healthcare speci fically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The problem of ineffective team work With the present-day pace of technological progress and the increased complexity and number of mediations and procedures, the appropriateness and safety of the provided health care services depend upon the effectiveness of teamwork. Taking into account the amount of professional knowledge and skills required for providing patients with appropriate treatment, it can be stated that the quality and safety of health care cannot be controlled by individual physicians anymore. The ineffective teamwork and communication errors are costly for hospitals and patients. The main underlying causes of these mistakes include the extreme hierarchies of healthcare organizations and the lack of team training. As to the first parameter of the management style, it can be stated that structure and hierarchies are important for preventing chaos within the organizations, but going to extremes, it can do harm. The extreme hierarchies are rooted in the cultural and circumstantial problems with bypassing the traditional schemes.11 The psychological distance between workers and their supervisors can make nurses withhold critical information and tell leaders only what they want to hear. The distance between a leader and the assisting personnel is defined as an authority gradient which is rather high in healthcare. 12 The steepness of the hierarchical structure of the hospitals can reduce the effectiveness of their work. On the one hand, self-assured physicians may implement an autocratic management style and make decisions without much regard to opinions of other specialists. However, it can deprive them of valuable information which is required for improving the system. On the other hand, the problem is with workers who believe that leaders are not even interested in their opinions and do not feel comfortable to express their concerns. These large authority gradients can de crease the effectiveness of intervention plans. The institutional changes are needed in hospitals where the physicians are self-employed while nurses work for the hospital for improving their relationship and reducing the steepness of the authority gradient.13 The second underlying cause of communication mistakes in medical care is the lack of training and the fluidness of teams due to the realities of the health care facilities.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, medical teams are often composed of people who see each other for the first time and are not prepared for playing specific roles.14 There are a variety of circumstances forcing medical personnel into such a situation, including the staff shortages, unexpected sickness of some specialists and changes to arrangements. Still, the main problem is with the lack of attention to the importance of effective teamwork in medical care. The high level performance in healthcare requires complex interactions between the specialists working in a team and dependent upon each other.15 The authority gradient, the steepness of hierarchies and team training are the main factors which should be reconsidered for shifting the emphasis from individual physicians’ responsibility towards the improvement of organizational structures. Recognizing the importance of teamwork in healthcare instead of putting the main emphasis on individual responsibility is important for minimizing the risks of professional mistakes. The evidence shows that multidisciplinary teams can improve the performance of the health care practitioners significantly.15 With the present-day amount of medical knowledge, one person cannot obtain all the necessary information from all spheres required for selecting the appropriate intervention strategies and applying them into practice. The healthcare teams are recognized as a crucial component required for providing safe and ethical healthcare. Disregarding the importance of dampening the authority gradient in the hospital setting in general, strong leadership is important for these teams.16 Moving towards the patient-centered model of healthcare, these teams need to cross the traditional boundaries of hierarchies and traditional disciplines.17 The united efforts of surgeons, anesthetists, physiotherapists, nurses and administrators would be beneficial for serving the best patients’ interests through improving the performance of the medical person nel. Though the fluid health care teams are often criticized as the obstacle for the effective teamwork, the fixed teams depending upon the individuals who have the experience of working together can be dangerous as well.18 The main disadvantages of the fixed teams in which certain groups of specialist get accustomed to working together include creating the informal hierarchies inside of the teams, making the incorrect assumptions and suffering from the so-called groupthink.19 Thus, it can be stated that involving multiple providers, and the multidisciplinary healthcare teams require creating specialized protocols for defining the roles of each specialist but not relying on human factor of the same individuals working together. Recognizing the importance of effective teamwork for preventing the medical communication errors, it can be stated that health care service providers should cross the traditional hierarchical and disciplinary boundaries for improving their performance and en suring the patient safety. The solution of the problem of communication errors Taking into account the fact that communication problem is the underlying cause of serious medical errors, proper measures need to be imposed for enhancing the effectiveness of teamwork, including training of specialists and employing strategies in the working process. Recognizing the importance of teamwork for ensuring the safety and quality of health care, medical workers can adopt the experience of the aviation communication training called Crew Resource Management. 20 As opposed to healthcare in which the importance of teamwork has been ignored, modern pilots and other members of the staff have been trained as teams for decades. Borrowing the concept of standard aviation procedures can be valuable for the healthcare.21 The main principle of this strategy is dampening the authority gradient for creating the environment in which every member of the team feels comfortable to raise issues and express conc erns. Another significant advantage of this approach is developing standard operating procedures so that every member understands his/her specific role in achieving the common goal.22 Despite the fact that the implementation of crew resource management allowed diminishing the authority gradients and enhancing the safety culture of airlines, certain limitations of using the aviation analogy for healthcare need to be taken into consideration.23 Along with dampening the authority gradient, balancing the no-blame culture and the error reports as a part of accountability are the measures which need to be imposed by hospital settings.24 It is important to acknowledge that the studies on transforming the healthcare safety culture are at their starting point, and further research is required for selecting the most effective strategies for applying these findings into practice.25 The strategies which can be implemented by health care teams for dampening the authority gradients and crossing the traditional hierarchical boundaries can vary from simple techniques to more complex forms. Along with simulation exercises during which the real-life working situations are imitated, health care teams can use certain strategies at the beginning and after completing clinical encounters.26 The simplest technique which can be used by the leader before the beginning of a certain procedure is introducing him/her, admitting personal weaknesses inherent to all humans and saying that every member is welcome to express concerns in case if something goes wrong.27 This simple technique can be valuable for creating proper atmosphere and improving the team performance during the procedure. The team performance can also be improved through the implementation of special techniques after the procedure is over, such as debriefing, for example.28 This strategy involves all the members of a health care team into discussion of the completed procedure for pointing at what was wrong and right about the behaviors of each participant. To enhance the effectiveness of debriefing, all the participants should recognize the importance of critical speaking and expressing certain concerns as well as accepting the fact that everyone, including the leader is fallible. Efforts of every participant are the important attributes to the compensation for the fallibility of healthcare professionals and other causes of medical errors.29 Additionally, the effectiveness of teamwork can be increased in the course of the procedure through the implementation of certain strategies, including the use of SBAR (situation, background, assessment and recommendations) messages and/or CUS (concern, uncomfortable, safety) words.30 Team training is required for teaching the members of the teams not only to use these techniques in appropriate situations but also to react to them accordingly and avoid overusing them. The solution of the problem of the communication problems requires a complex approach and hard work of all team members which starts before the beginning of the procedure and continues during the clinical encounter and even after its completion. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that the quality of team performance is crucial for ensuring the safety of healthcare. A complex approach to team training is required for enhancing the team performance and serving the best interests of the patients. The changes in the hospital culture are crucial for dampening the hierarchy and improving the organizational systems and enhancing the effectiveness of the medical teams by creating the working environment in which every worker can raise concerns and make a contribution to meeting the shared objective. Notes Bill Runciman, Alan Merry, and Merrilyn Walton, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare: A Guide to Getting It Right (Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2007), 1. Robert Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008), 3. Ibid., 36. Ibid., 4. Runciman et a l, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 116. Ibid., 4. Ibid., 6. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 2. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 10. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 94. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 173. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 100. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 128. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 237. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 104. Ibid., 169. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 163. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 104. Ibid., 104. Ibid., 101. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 245. Ibid., 237. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 102. Ibid., 209. Ibid., 103. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 240. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 104. Ibid., 105. Runciman et al, Safety and Ethics in Healthcare, 109. Wachter, Understanding Patient Safety, 106. This research paper on Teamwork and communication errors in healthcare was written and submitted by user John Webb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Human Resource Management of Sonoko Company

Human Resource Management of Sonoko Company Sonoko’s Strategic Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Sonoko is a well established firm that has been operational for a considerable period. The success of the company in terms of profits in early years has seen it develop a strong corporate tradition and culture. The success of the HR function and management in the past years when the company was performing well can still be emulated and practiced in the future to replicate the positive performance.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Human Resource Management of Sonoko Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the decentralization of the firm’s HR function, Sonoko has a substantial number of HR experts within its ranks who help in managing and running the firm’s numerous HR divisions. These experts can collectively be of importance to the firm, particularly when seeking to harmonize and consolidate the firm’s HR function. Support of SHRM initiative SHRM insists on the pursuance of a corporate culture that aligns with the organizational objectives. Thus, SHRM will help in instilling a culture that sustains the productive past amongst Sonoco workers. Equally, it will establish new and emerging trends that can be incorporated into the corporate culture, and which help in implementing the firm’s objective. SHRM will enable the firm to effectively plan and handle its internal HR needs. Different divisions may require different HR attention, but which is harmonized from a corporate point of view. This will help in eliminating instances where workers in one department feel neglected because of the way their colleagues in a different department are treated. Weaknesses The decentralized HR function at the company was a big weakness for Sonoko. Although decentralization is a positive move that can benefit the company if it is well managed, the whole idea was misconstrued at Sonoko. The divisions established their own HR functions and treated each other in a suspicious manner. The HR functions were competing against each other, instead of cooperating towards the attainment of a common goal. HR was looked at as a back-room operation that only helped in protecting the front line operations. The HR operations are also too complex, inefficient, and costly. The presence of divisional HR functions has made the operations of the entire HR function to be compounded. In essence, the HR function is largely ineffective. The ineffectiveness, on the other hand, has contributed to high expenses for the company.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, there is lack of leadership continuity as promoted staff members fail to deliver on their management roles. This means that the company has to hire from outside to acquire new leaders, which is a comparatively expensive exercise a ltogether. How SHRM can address the issues SHRM will change the perspective of the HRM function at Sonoko. It will aim at unifying the objective of all the divisional HR functions into a common corporate objective. Thus, even if the divisions will still maintain their separate HR functions, their purpose will be unified. The SHRM will eliminate the unhealthy intra-organizational competition and instead establish a unifying factor. The individual HR roles will also remain functional and well coordinated towards the advantage of the organization. Such functional roles as training, performance management, compensation, and benefit, among others can never be practical if communication is non-existent. SHRM will not only revive these functional roles, but will also increase employee satisfaction levels overly. Cindy Hartley’s key goals for SHRM Cindy Hartley’s main objective for achieving a strategic human resource management was to create an organization that would have a process that was fully integrated. Hartley had inherited a company whose human resource function was decentralized and, therefore, less effective in achieving positive results. The decentralization was no longer having any strategic advantage to the company, but rather was only being tactical at most. The decentralization resulted in the major company divisions establishing their own independent HR functions which, instead of cooperating with the other HR functions in the separate divisions, ended up viewing them as competitors and, thus, failing to pull together towards the same direction. Thus, to reverse the situation at Sonoco as it was, and achieve her intended SHRM goal, Hartley had to work towards integrating performance management, development, as well as succession planning. These functions feed off one another, and therefore they are mutually inclusive. The goal was to link them back with the organizational values, culture, as well as business objectives. This was the only sure way Hartley could have begun off her long journey of achieving an SHRM for Sonoco.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Human Resource Management of Sonoko Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The SHRM also aimed at making the organization more hybridized such that all the divisions would participate in implementing all the roles of a HR department. Such roles include, â€Å"staffing, succession planning, compensation, personnel programs, and benefits, among many others†. Hartley was inheriting a system where some critical HR roles were actually being viewed as mere entitlements. They were not being considered as important costs worth being controlled by the company. Nobody was considering the importance of HR in driving behavioral results at the company. Because of the complex staff structures, it was very difficult for the HR function as a whole to act in a strategic manner for the benefit of Sono co. The lack of communication in the whole set up was having serious repercussions on the overall efficiency of the HR function. For instance, the benefits and compensation planning director would come up with new approaches or programs, which would then be handed off to the administrative team. By targeting a more hybrid organization, Hartley was seeking to establish some form of a divisional HR management, which would remain intact and offer assistance to the general managers whenever they would require assistance. This implies that the new managers in the HR department would be in a position to create the bond that is needed between businesses and the functions of the corporate human resource responsibilities. What Hartley should seek to achieve in plotting a strategic direction for the future Hartley’s plotting of a strategic direction for the future should see her transform both the compensation system, as well as the performance management system. There is no need for t hese systems to be less mechanical and random. Rather, what is important is that these systems become linked, consistent, and reflect more accurately on the contribution of employees towards the company’s performance.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Equally important for Hartley to consider is the establishment of a development process for the employees. This is an important achievement towards plotting a strategic direction because it will help with refining further the employees skills, as well as help in the development of necessary skills that could be lacking. Another important achievement that would help the plotting of a strategic direction is establishing a succession-planning process. The leaders that Sonoco will require to steer it forwards in the future ought to come from within the company itself. This talent pool of an organization is important because it addresses the aspect of sustainability. One notable trend was the casual manner in which succession planning had been handled at the firm. It was negatively affecting the organization in the long-run because employees who had scaled their career ladders at the company were failing to deliver on their managerial roles. An Outline of the Strategic Agenda Appropriate for Hertley The first action for Hartley should be to work with what she has inherited at the firm. All the key players in the company’s overall HR function should contribute in providing input, coordination, as well as guidance concerning HR. The focus should be placed on aligning HR objectives and desired results with the desired culture of the organization. Building a good will with other managers at the company is also an important aspect worth being considered for the agenda. The implementation and the overall change-over from the current practice will require the HR managers and supervisors’ contributions at their respective corporate levels. Having a team that speaks with one voice will help in achieving this objective efficiently. Hartley should continuously seek their views and contributions to make them part of the team. Any opposition from within should not be treated as rebellion, but rather critically considered for the good of the company. It is equally important that Hartley plans on how to inform the employees on the new changes to be expected. However, this should be done at a later stage, once all the difficulties have been ironed out. The supervisors will be better placed to conduct training to their respective teams and collect feedback from them.

Building Trust

You want results! Group Work (optional): Assume it is the ? rst day on the job as the new manager of this team. Discuss what you should do. Writing Exercises (optional): Write a message to the managers of your new organization, setting expectations about the team and goals they will be working towards moving forward. Describe your leadership style and approach to the challenge. Make your message motivational. Discussion Questions: †¢ Have you ever had to build trust with a large number of people who are fundamentally different than you? What did you do? What are the advantages of disadvantages of being the boss who is feared? †¢ Do you agree with all the things Jim does to earn the trust of his team? Why or why not? †¢ Do you think Jim will still have the respect of his team if he is so focused on serving them and their needs? Why or why not? Oral Presentations (optional): As the new manager, give an introductory speech to the managers in your organization about you an d the goals you hope to achieve. Clearly state the messages you want to convey to your direct reports. Role Play (optional): Discussion between Manager (Jim) and his Supervisor (Sam) whose leadership philosophy is very different and thinks a manager should be feared by his people. Explain yourself and try to gain your supervisor’s trust. †¢ Background for Manager (Jim): You believe you should think of your team as your customers and make every effort to make their job easier. You do not want to be feared by your people and think you will be even more productive thanks to your leadership style. †¢ Background for Supervisor (Sam): You think the new manager needs to come in strong and put fear in his employees to achieve. Discuss how they will be distributed. Will you incentivize the high performers by awarding them with new headsets ? rst? Discussion Questions: †¢ Do you agree with all the things Jim does to earn the trust of his team? Why or why not? †¢ Do you think Jim will still have the respect of his team if he is so focused on serving them and their needs? Why or why not? †¢ Is there anything Jim should do differently and how successful do you think he will be with his approach? †¢ As a manager, what are the advantages and disadvantages of seeing your team as your customers? Role Play (optional): Discussion between Manager (Jim) and direct report (Fred) who believes everybody needs new headsets and new chairs. †¢ Background for Manager (Jim): You believe you should make your people more comfortable, but you are limited in budget and must make your people and Fred understand there are limits to what you can do for them. †¢ Background for Direct Report (Fred): You think everybody needs new headsets and chairs. You know the new manager is anxious to make a positive impression and you think this purchase could help. Group Work (optional): What does Jim mean by having an â€Å"early victories† when he talks about getting new headsets? What kind of a precedent does this set and how should he manage expectations for the future? 3 Building Trust | Jim Roth Copyright  © 2007 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Teaching Notes Building Trust (DVD Title: Building Trust in a Large Organization) Center for Leadership Development and Research Leadership in Focus Video Segment 3 and 4: (Run Time: 2 minutes 10 seconds) Writing Exercises (optional): As the Manager, write an email to your team telling them how you want them to come to you when they have problems. You want them to understand you are there to help them, but also don’t want them to abuse this privilege. Make the message motivational. Result and Lessons Learned: Manager receives feedback from his people and sees this as a victory that he has earned their trust. To earn trust and improve performance, it is important to learn the details about your people to determine why they come to work everyday.

'The employment relationships is based on a contract entered into by Essay

'The employment relationships is based on a contract entered into by equal parties but it is in fact a relationship characterised by parties with unequal power' - Essay Example While employment and the process of working for a particular employer may be defined in legal terms with contract documents and legal definitions which try to be as exact as possible, it is the psychological contract between the employer and the employee which is difficult to define and creates the inequality in the relationship. Any company would like to keep individuals working for the company engaged and motivated in their work. However, the process of engaging individuals as well as providing the motivation to all concerned parties is not an easy one (Vance, 2006). Establishing the psychological contract requires careful management, an understanding of what motivates certain individuals and understanding the work-life balance which prevents employees from burning out (Erdogan, 2005). These responsibilities may be considered as a part of the equation on the side of the employer but then dedication and devotion must also be offered from the employee to create a balanced psychological contract. There are several examples of companies employing effective policies and others where the policies may not be that effective and these can be discussed in the light of theoretical analysis to show how company policies can influence the employment relationship with a view to the psychological contract. Robinson and Rousseau (1994) suggest that the psychological contract is significant for all sides of the employment contract and those employees who are given employment with the company always hope to obtain more benefits from their employment in future. As per the meaning of the term the psychological contract is the implicit contract of various understandings between the company and the workers as they relate to both the expectations of the employees and the obligations of the employer (Emott, 2006). For example, as reported by Welch (2005), when employees are heavily rewarded for high performance

Collapse of the Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Collapse of the Societies - Essay Example He has clearly mentioned out that more than climatic variations; a society’s attitude towards addressing the environmental problems plays a key role in the demise of the society. It depends on the people and the government that how they consider it and what measures they take it in response to those environmental problems. He has stressed upon one factor that it depends on the society to choose its fate; to fail or to succeed. He has clearly mentioned that there are some societies that have sustained themselves even in the hard times such as Japan and on the other hand, there are some societies that have totally collapsed such as Somalia or Zimbabwe or those societies which are closer to collapse such as Nepal. According to him, we can learn from their downfall that what were the key factors that played a significant role in their collapse and then we can make an analysis of our selves that where are we standing today; near to collapse or we are already collapsed. Further Diam ond has identified that environmental problems are due to the irresponsible attitude of the humans. Humans have been the basic cause of societal collapse such as in case of Vikings; who happened to cause a lot of damage to their environment such as they caused soil erosion, they wilding cut the trees as a result deforestation occurred and the gradually the environmental problems and climatic changes occurred which caused inevitable damage to the overall society and hence a point came when those societies were swept off from the world. In other words we can say that, human interaction with its environment play an important role in determining the fate of a society. Here Jared has quoted the example of Montana which was a prosperous state with sound environmental conditions in USA. But today, the societal pattern of Montana has completely collapsed. It is one of the poorest states with unstable environmental conditions. The climate of Montana is getting warmer with no proper action pl an or government plan. However, we can say that today Montana’s invulnerable condition is becoming a threat to the overall United States. On the other hand, Jared sees that some of the societies collapse when they reach their peak such as Soviet Union. According to him Soviet Union faced a sudden decline in the time when USSR was in its greatest power. According to him, the main causes in such sudden collapse may be the mismatch between the resources available and their consumption or it could be a mismatch between economic potential and economic plans. There are some environmental factors that make some societies fragile than other societies. According to him there are two basic factors that cause a society to collapse such as conflict between the short term decision making interest of the elites and long term interest of the society as a whole. Whatever that is good in the interest of the elites for short term could turn out to be worst for the society in the long run. The American society could suffer from the same consequences from their governed bodies and business elites. It is imperative for the societies to understand all the problems and to take effective measures in addressing these problems. Addressing one problem would not be sufficient enough to tackle and overcome the issue of collapsing societies but it is highly important that all the problems should be highlighted and addressed on time to avoid collapse. Analysis

Bio Warfare Essay -- essays research papers

Biological warfare is war waged with deadly chemicals, biological agents, or radioactive materials (CBR). They can be used to kill large amounts of people, destroy food, or just temporarily stun them for a matter of time so troops can come in and torture them or do whatever troops led by an manipulative tyrant who destroys everything. Using CBR, allowed you to kill everything and leave the buildings standing instead of nuclear weapons which destroy everything, put fallout in the air, and have radioactive materials wash into the ground and streams. Using deadly chemicals in war has been going on since the early 1900’s during World War I (1914-1918). Chemicals such as tear gas, chlorine gas, phosgene, and mustard gas. The first 3 are things that irritate the lungs, and mustard gas cause burns. After experimenting with these chemicals, they tried flame throwers but they were ineffective because of their short range. But that later led to napalm. Napalms kind of like gas only lon ger burning, more thick and it’s stickier and this is a deadly combination. All of this stuff led to the wide use of fire for World War II (1939-1945). By the end of W.W.I, European powers have integrated gas warfare capabilities into their armies artillery. During W.W.II, Germany was working on many different things. Such as nerve gases, the atomic bomb, and Adolf Hitler had scientists work on something to increase longevity. At the end of W.W.II every country knew about the advantages of deadly gases than conventional shoot outs and destructive bombs. Gases such as tear gas have been used in limited wars since W.W.II, such as in the Vietnam War; tear gas is also employed by civilian police forces to stop riots. The more deadly gases such as mustard gas and nerve gas has generally been condemned by most countries. Such weapons do remain in some arsenals, but treaties have gotten rid of them. There is evidence that Iraq used these weapons in the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s and that allied troops may have been exposed to these gases during the Persian Gulf War of 1991. Various chemicals, such as Agent Orange, that alter the metabolism of plant and cause them to die have been employed in modern jungle warfare to reduce the enemy’s cover and let troops march in without the fear of being ambushed. Later it was found that Agent Orange harmed everything that was near it. It killed plants, went... ...n the skin by those who handle infected hides and carcasses and may be self-limiting, but often gets into the bloodstream, with fever and exhaustion. It is characterized by malignant pustules on exposed skin areas. The inside type is acquired by inhaling anthrax cells, as from animal hair and wool, which take over the lungs and sometimes the intestinal tract to cause lose blood. It is speculated that an intestinal variety may be caused by consuming contaminated meat or milk. Workers exposed to animal products, especially wool, are protected by vaccination. Penicillin is effective in treatment except in rapidly progressing cases. The worst outbreak of anthrax occurred in 1979, when a biological weapons plant in Sverdlovsk, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (present-day Yekaterinburg) released an aerosol form of the anthrax pathogen. The source of this exposure, which killed 66 people, was publicly denied until 1994. In conclusion, biological weaponry are very deadly and can kill 100’s of millions of people without them knowing what’s going on. At least it doesn’t destroy buildings. So when we drop the big one, later intelligent species can dig up entire buildings and dead bodies.

Modernization Theory Essay

Modernization theory is a theory that explains the process of improvement from an older culture to the newest one as well as explains the changing ways of communication and media use in traditional and postmodern societies. The theory takes into consideration factors from a certain place with the assumption that traditional places can be developed to the most recent manners. Modernization theory does not only stress there to be a change but also response to that change. It also looks at internal dynamic while referring to social and cultural structures and the adaptation of new technologies. So essentially, what is modernization and what does this theory consist of? To put it simply, modernization is the economic growth within societies. And the modernization theory believes that there are steps to success for every country. Modernization theory evolved in three different time periods. The first wave appeared between the 1950s and 1960s. Western cultures and styles of living were the main goals to reach along with culture, motivations and achievements. Three variants that this first wave brought with them were one; economic developments in which mass media promote the global diffusion of many technical and social innovations that are essential to modernization, two; literacy and cultural developments allow for mas media to teach literacy and other essential skills and techniques and three; national identity development permits mass media to support national identities in new nations and attention to democratic policies. The second wave of modernization theory is a part of the critical theory that was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. This did not support but instead it criticized the influence of Western modernization. Within this criticism exists another theory called media dependency theory where developing countries are assumed to be dependent on mass media in the core of the Western world. The third wave of modernization theory began to rise in the 1990s. It is here that the modernization begins to be more neutral, neither in favor nor against Western modernization. Instead, it tries to expose the contradictions in the modernization process and simply help explain the consequences of modern living in contemporary society. The theory of modernization has its roots in the ideas of some scholars they produced different theories about the origins, characters, and future path of modern industrial society. Modernization theory is only optimistic and  full of contradictions. It is important to understa nd the history of a situation so a more realist approach can be taken to solve it. Now that the history is understood, it is possible to work with it and correct its faults so that the world will not be stuck anymore. The contemporary debate over modernization theory has in many respects circled back to researchers agendas. Alongside endless empirical studies of the correlation between wealth and democracy, scholars have tried to untangle precisely how and why economic and political developments are related. During the Cold War era, there were three successful theories of global evolution at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Marxist school that compared modernization improvements with promotion of imperialism and social class exploitation has transformed into a larger liberal program, appealing to conflict against the United States and its limited allies as an instrument for more just economic distribution and more checks in global political expansion. The target of globalization more clearly identifies the problem of an enforced overseas model reducing cultural diversity and self-government; raising the profile of nationalism over the old subject of class struggle. It is not hard to understand why the hegemonic globalization school may be less outspoken, considering the fact that the meaning of its warnings of threats that can only be addressed in a world prepared under clear leadership and newly accommodated to containing political development that allows security dangers to progress and grow. Its neoconservative message calls for imposing a single model, more than comparing alternative approaches of nations and regions while accepting the benefits of diversity. Qualified studies done by multilateral globalization school show that modernization theory accepts that the merge is a long-term progression that must remain incomplete as civilizations find consolation in what distinguishes them. The fast pace of technological changes help accelerate integration, and there will be risk of increased interdependence and exposure that will only require more security collaboration. Yet the driving forces of the global system will remain states competing to gain an advantage in boosting their economies and national power. In the context of growing world integration, states will still be in competition to capitalize on modernization and shape the global system. Modernization theory predicts that strong economic growth raises homicide rate as it disrupts traditional modes of social organization and control. The same applies to higher levels of income, at least up to a certain point. It is only after a country has successfully developed and has reached a new more of socio-economic organization and non-traditional social reforms of control that crime rates can be expected to decline again – if not with the respect to property crime, then at least as concerns violent crime. This is compatible with modernization theory based on Durkheim n that moral individualism need not lead to higher rates of violence crimes as so-called organic solidarity will eventually substitute for traditional social control and constraints on individual behavior. Modernization theory is good for the greater of all but because it is a general theory its actions can be biased. Even with its contemporary works, it continues being a work in progress to make it better than what it is. Living in the twenty-first century only means more and faster technology, programs, data and many other things that are out there that certain places, countries and nations have possibly yet to discover or be aware of. Possibly, by giving that extra hand and helping one another as a civilization, this good for the greater of all can simply be greatness for all.

The Possibility of Justice for All Essay - 790 Words

The Possibility of Justice for All Works Cited Not Included Can there be justice for all? To answer this question I must first define what justice is. Justice is ?the quality of being just, impartial or fair? in your dealings with others according to Merriam Webster?s Collegiate Dictionary. Keeping that definition in mind, I now must turn to the Voices of Wisdom in order to find an example of a situation in which all parties feel that they are being treated justly. After examining examples such as: Euthanasia, discrimination based on sexual orientation, and equal opportunity offered within the book, it becomes clear to me that there is in fact no possible way for there to be justice for all because everyone?s judgement is in some†¦show more content†¦A society is only as equitable as the treatment accorded its most vulnerable members. Therefore, discrimination against anyone based on his or her sexual orientation is a clear and incurable symptom of an unjust society. For example, should someone?s sexual orientation be grounds f or restricting their rights? (Daniel C. Palm) The impartial answer would of course be no, everyone should be treated the same. But we still hear the chant ?No gays or lesbians in the military?. This is because it is in the self interests of the heterosexual people in the military have homosexuals in the military. The injustice of this idea becomes crystal clear when we examine the opposite statement of ?No heterosexuals in the military? an idea that is equally ludicrous. (Kessler, pp.174) As a result of the way we instinctively treat those that are different because they are seen as a threat, our society is will remain perpetually unjust. (Richard E. Mohr) Because of widespread discrimination based not only on race, but also on sex, religion and sexual preference it is impossible for society to offer each and every individual a perfectly equal chance at opportunities such as hiring, promotion, housing, and educational practices that should be within their reach; as a consequence, it is impossible for society to be just for all. According to the formal principle of justice, it is required ?that benefits and burdens be distributed fairly according to relevant differencesShow MoreRelatedThe Death With Dignity Act913 Words   |  4 PagesAs in all complicated matters such as this, the law is very contradictory in this field. Social workers who are well informed about life and death issues in the light of cultural and religious beliefs and practices, advanced directives, and the legislation related to them, will be more competent in assisting clients to express their desires and to make choices that encompass their life choices. Such kno wledge enhances social work intervention by empowering the elderly to use their autonomous rightsRead MoreMessianic in Spectres of Marx by Jaques Derrida Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesmessianism. Of the many views of messianism he chooses to deconstruct, a vantage point he takes that the original messianic concept containing religious connotations is based on a definite end as well as an understanding of time. Along with topics of justice, disjointure, and especially understanding of the specter, Derrida’s messianism forms into an overarching idea of his belief about Marxism and it’s impact on politics and religion. He describes his understanding of the messianic further in this passage:Read More Is Justice Profitable? Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesIs Justice Profitable? Glaucon attempted to prove that injustice is preferable to justice. At first, Glacon agreed with Socrates that justice is a good thing, but implored on the nature of its goodness? 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The crime, incarceration and repeat

Legal Issues in Construction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3059 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Tags: Contract Law Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The industry of construction is very vast in UK, which sometimes contributes to 10 percent of the total GDP of the country. Many commercial issues have been grappled with it, all of them were in sharp focus by the critical climate of economy, since the mid of 2008. The essential nature of a contract can be encapsulated by different definitions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Legal Issues in Construction" essay for you Create order One definition which is very well understood in the context of business is considered it as an agreement which give rise to the obligations and the rights thereto, which are enforceable and recognized by the law. The parties to contract are free, since the foundation of contract is on agreement, freedom in the wide limits for agreeing on the obligations to which they wanted to be bounded. Doctrine of the freedom of contract is stated the same. This results in the bounding of the parties to contract at any rate in the context of commerce with the obligation of fulfillment, no matter whether appropriate or not. The doctrine of freedom gives the corollary that no person can be forced to enter into a contract. In the context of business it can be understood as about the terms of contract, if either party to the agreement can set aside, no matter how costly or inconvenient it is for other party and in the terms of money and wasted time. It is possible to walk away and stop the negot iation even the work has done in the proposed contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s anticipation. The parties in law are bounded when the contract is conclude. If a party cannot comply with the liability made of the contract, the other party of the contract can seek for the redress. This can be done, if needed, by compensation of losses in monetary terms due to the failure, the enforcement of the right to pay, or in some circumstances in which sufficient redress canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t be provided an by an order due to which obligations are performed by the party. as An example when a consultants is failed in the performance of the services he/she is obliged to provide, the client of the said party can seek for the compensation of damages borne for obtaining the cost involved in the substitute performance i.e. services of other consultant. If the employer cannot perform the work he is obliged to by the contractor, the payment can be recovered in the form of debt. Concurrent liability in both tort and contract Every professional is owed to their clients a combination of duties such as fiduciary, statutory, tortious and contractual and to third parties the tortious duties. There have been a lot of cases, with relation to the concurrence of the responsibilities, especially in the field of medicine, which places doctors in contract for having concurrent responsibility and for physical injury in tort to their patients. Concurrent liability also covers financial losses as in the case of Henderson v Merrett Syndicates 1995, in which there were many cases which involve the underwriting members of the names of Lloyds who sue their managing agents. In such cases the accountants, auditors and bankers had a significant effect. In a lot of circumstances there is adequate proximity existed between the professional and client for finding a coextensive care in tort. This still does avoid or exempt from the circular question about the scope determination of the duty in tort that is often focused on the inquiry of the terms agreed upon under contract to be done. Therefore for overcoming the deficiencies usage of tort will not work. Another point worth noting is that, in a contract the claim made in tort does no increase the obligations of the professional usually. The same is in the construction in which the contractual duties of the structural engineers is included in checking of the sufficiency of the fixing details and the drawings but this is not extended to the literal supervision of the fixingsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ installations. If the contractual duties of these engineers are clear, these duties did not extend in the inclusion of supervision in a duty of care in tort. General responsibilities and duties and liability issues: Professional duties contain three major areas which are as follows: Express and Implied terms i.e. Contractual Statutory duties In the tort of Negligence The duties to the client would be found on as well as derived from the implied or express terms of the appointment clearly in most of the situations. It would be necessary to recognize from the beginning accurately what the role of the professional advisor was in bringing a claim or securing a claim. As an example, if the standard form of appointment is adopted, it often works as a reference to a schedule of some form or other which contains work stages of the professional advisers about the work description. This needs completion as it will give the point of start I the determination of the role of the consultant and thereby provide their obligations. If as an example, a problem rises with the building then the identification of the specific service is needed, which should have been performed by the professional advisor and which has not been performed sufficiently. It is needed that the claim should be particularized and should not be treated simply, for example the guarant eeing of end product by Architect à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" i.e. creation of a building which is free from defects completely, as the claim is based. The buildingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s defects or problems cannot be simply listed out and asserted that is the fault of the Architect due to the general failure of performance in his duties via the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur. The fact is remained that is the complete particularization of the claim in proper manner is the obligation of the claimant including the identification of particular areas of the consultantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failure or was wanton the care of them. Claim A Claim is a statement of relief desired through a civil judicial proceeding where one party sues another for a wrong done, or to protect a right or to prevent a wrong. A statement of claims contains the legal documents. In modern construction field, contracts have been performing a greater share of role in claims against constructions. The books of law require th e clauses contained in it, to be followed with regards to several factors involved in the post contract administration. When a claim is submitted by the contractors, the relevant contract clauses have to be referred by them that are in accordance with the contract between the parties. The claims without the reference of relevant clauses are considered as invalidated. It is, therefore, mandatory for the contractors of a project to form conditions of contract. A contract means a bilateral agreement made prior to the execution of works with mutual understanding, in a construction project, between two or more parties. Most of times, claims are generated by the contractor to the client. For the employers, claim exhibit an enhanced cost of the project and conversely a claim can be a source of further earning for contractors, from the budget of the project. Basis of claims in construction industry Claims are mostly resulted by the certain events under the contract. These events happen and end with making an entitlement of a remedy that is mentioned in the contract under the specific provision of terms. These events can be described in two types, first these are specified under the contract and they might happen to occur. While second, the events that occur due to a breach of specific condition provided in the contract, which entitles the claimant to get remedy in case of non availability or partial availability of such stipulations along with the claim, arising out of the contract on the basis of such conditions where some or one of the terms in the contract have been breached and not remedy is designated. The remedy is subject to the validity of claim and will be designated in accordance with the applicable law of contact. A valid claim under the applicable law of the contact is based on the applicability of certain legal rule or principle. If the claim is held valid, the r emedy is due generally in a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"just and equitableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ award keeping in view the circumstances that are specific to the case. The complete understanding of the entire needs and processes of the contract are crucial so that the risks of construction could be diminished that might result avoidable problems including litigation, claims, shoddy works and reworks along with loss of future business relations. The disputes related to construction might create several impacts that are disadvantageous. If these disputes are not appropriately managed, the result will occur in shape of project delays, undermining of team spirit, increased costs of projects and on the whole, the damage will occur in continuing business relationships. The appropriate sharing of responsibilities is a major element in terms of determination whether a specific contract of construction has to be recognized as a good contract. According to McCallum (2002), a good contract plainly informs a party about the steps to be taken and the responsibilities thereon. The contract also give detailed information to each party about their rights and if any one of the party fails to perform accordingly as defined, it determines the possible problems and gives a clear resolution and strikes the parties in such a way that proper allocation of responsibilities and risks could be determined. A good contract is indeed made of well drafted drawings and specifications that give the information to the contractors about what he has to do in order to earn the promised compensation. It also provides a way to determine if the objectives have been achieved. Causes of Disputes SITE ISSUES unfavorable site circumstances essential approvals that might have not been attained or might have been obtained only subject to unforeseen stipulation Archeological and civilizing discoveries of heritage Inappropriate access to the site Project site might be subject to non-validity of endorsement Any ecological issue leading towards delay and additional expenditure such as nonstop rain and high speed wind. DESIGN CONSTRUCT AND COMMISIONING ISSUES  · Design of the site is incompetent of delivering the service at predictable cost  · Construction actions take place during construction which delays the project from being delivered on time and on actual cost  · Commissioning tests which are needed to be accomplished for the commencement of provision of services might not be completely achieved.  · Design co-ordination on drawing and construct based project. SPONSOR AND FINANTIAL ISSUES  · High interest rates might be unfavorable and influence the bid price Lack of sponsorship to finance the project because of economic crisis Tax rates variance in the policy by government before and after the end of project Financial issues occurring because of change in ownership OPERATING ISSUES  · Expected cost is less than required cost along with poor quality  · Design and construction quality is insufficient leading to higher repairs and renovation cost  · Change in production requirement outside the decided range  · Subcontractor does not succeed in supplying the necessary service. POLITICAL AND SOCIETAL  · Change in policy by law during the proceeding of the project  · Change in rules during the construction of the project  · Extra approval needed during the construction of the project which is outside the contract such as labor strike and disputes. EXCULPATARY CLAUSES ISSUES  · Indemnity Clauses  · Inspecting site prior to the contractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s award  · Liquidation Damages  · No delayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s damage Construction Contracts Disputes may come up when a property owner and a contractor become bound in construction contract. The terms of construction contracts usually define the way of resolving disputes, and also outline the duties and obligations of property owner and contractor. Significantly, the construction contracts will provide compensation if a promise is not performed by any of the party bounded in a contract. Construction Delays Delays are often experienced by the construction projects. There are some circumstances or unexpected situations which are not in control of owner and contractor. The question arises here is that if a delay in a project can occur, the owner can have recovery from the contractor or not. Excusable Delays The provisions of construction contract outline the particular cases where the contractor excuses for delay in project. The construction contracts usually have excuse delay which is caused by: Situations caused by nature calamity Issues and problems with labor Changing in design or project by owner Contractors are often provided by contracts an extended time if there is excusable delay. Typically, the contractor is required for giving the notice to owner with the reason of delay. Acceleration of a Construction Contract Acceleration may occur when the contractor is compelled by a property owner for the completing the project before time. But, it may conversely increase the price of contract because it than requires extra manpower for completing the project ahead of time. Constructive Acceleration Constructive acceleration may be occurred when the owner refuses the extension of time to the contractor for either reasonable request for time extension or an excusable delay. The contractor, through constructive acceleration, may recover for further expenses brought upon him for the refusal by owner. However, a contractor accelerates the performance actually and incurs additional costs for recovering under the doctrine of constructive acceleration. Mechanics Liens A material mens lien or mechanicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lien is referred to a technique used by the employed contractors to improve the real property for ensuring that owner of the property will pay them for materials and services performed. If the owner of property doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t pay for material or services, a court proceeding can be initiated by the mechanic for enforcing the lien often convincing property selling for paying for the materials and services. Dispute resolution methods The discussion about construction disputes from legal aspect is not supposed to be completed if would be done without discussing different dispute resolution methods. Some of them are discussed below: Architect/initial decision maker It is provided by some contracts that the initial decision maker is design professional. Even it is provided by others that the decision of design professional is binding all parties. The equationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contractor side has felt over the yea r that these procedures are considered as unfair if design professional is working for the owner. Newer contracts therefore have the parties that decide either the design professional will resolve the disputes or not. Dispute resolution boards (DRBs) DRBs are now provided by many contracts which are consisted of senior/retired persons, who were involved actively in construction industry, like executives, managers, and project engineers. The truncated hearings are conducted by these individuals and then provide decisions in accordance with disputes that the parties bring before or during the projects. Though, the decisions of DRB is allowable in an arbitration setting or in a court, they are not often binding on parties. Mediation Mediation is considered as most satisfactory method for dispute resolution, whether it is applied during or after the completion of project. It can early occur in the process as parties are capable of organizing meditation and identifying a medi ator which is agreed mutually. A mediation however is successful after the parties; their consultants and attorneys have had an opportunity of reviewing the project file of other side, and prepare whatever may be essential. Mediations are non-binding, a neutral mediator is involved by them to understand the position of each side and then settle the disputes between parties and bring them together. Arbitration Arbitration during the course of 80s and 90s was the considered as the most favorable form to resolve the disputes between parties in construction industry, at least when the owner was capable of dictating the dispute resolution form. Arbitration was speedy and economical both because the arbitrators and the parties both manage the schedule in accordance with their ease. There was no jury and appeal unless the parties were agreed. At last, the arbitration panel was consisted of people who have sufficient knowledge about the construction industry. Arbitrations in contem porary era have fallen in disfavor up to some extent, which is because of numbers of parties who complained that arbitrators just à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“split the babyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . They have also an objection to common practice that it is not necessary for an arbitrator to follow law but instead did equity, basically ignoring the contractual statutory and provisions and judicial law that governed the obligations and rights of the parties. Litigation It is a resolution of disputes in the court where every party is subjected to every form of discovery, like depositions, document production demands, admission request, and interrogations. Then, the parties have a trial by jury or by court. If parties are not satisfied with the outcomes, they have a right to appeal. Litigation historically has a reputation for being expensive and long process. That is the one main reason for why arbitration became a trend in construction disputes. However, arbitration has lost some of its luster at the same time; some federal courts and states made the process specifically less expensive and faster. Government claims procedures There are some requirements in the public sector that a contractor must file a government claim first and undergo the procedure of administrative hearing before proceeding to litigate or arbitrate their claims. Conclusion The law of obligations contains the law of torts and the law of contract. The obligations of a person mainly provide the basis on agreement in the law of contract. These are allocated just to the other party to the agreement but not to the persons in a general way. Obligations can be as rigid as well as comprehensive as the parties want and required by their agreements because the obligations allocated in the contract are based on the agreement. The obligations of a person are basically evaluated by general principles of law in the law of torts. Moreover, these are generally allocated to persons. They are articulated in the form of general standards of conduct because obligations allocated in the tort are compulsory as part of the general law. For instance, the obligation not to unjustly interfere with the use of a person or enjoyment of their land creates the basis of the tort of nuisance; the obligation to work out appropriate skill as well as care so as not to cause damage or injury to others creates the basis of the tort of negligence.

The Theory Of The Design Argument - 1201 Words

Philosophy Test 1 Essay 1: In addition to the two criticisms that Hume makes of the design argument that are described in this chapter, Hume presents a third. He says that even if the design argument succeeds in showing that a designer made the universe (or the organisms in it), the argument does not succeed in establishing what characteristics that designer has. For this reason, the argument does not show that God exists. Is Hume’s claim correct? How seriously does this undermine the design argument? I think that Hume’s claim that the design argument does not succeed in establishing what characteristics the designer has is valid. Paley’s design argument poses the existence of the watch on the beach as if the person who found the watch had no knowledge of what a watch was (Sober, pg. 55). If the person comes to the conclusion that it is more plausible for this unknown piece of machinery to have a designer than come together of random actions, then the person is coming to that conclusion without ever seeing or having observed a watchmaker. This can be seen as a direct analogy between the watchmaker and the watch and the universe and a creator. If the beachgoer in Paley’s argument had no knowledge of what the watch was, how would they know what a watchmaker was? The finder of the watch on the beach may be able to assume that someone made this piece of machinery, but without that finder having knowledge of what a watch or watchmaker is, there is no way for the finder toShow MoreRelatedThe Design Argument : The Theory Argument1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Design Argument In the past hundred years, a great debate has shaken the foundation religious and scientific beliefs of society. 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